It is primarily found in kids of 1-5 months of age and less commonly, adult goats ( Cork et al., 1974 O'Sullivan et al., 1978 Norman and Smith, 1983). The neurological disease form of CAEV is characterized by leukoencephalomyelitis. Advanced lesions are characterized by marked synovial membrane hyperplasia with diffuse mononuclear cell infiltrates commonly accompanied by soft tissue mineralization and osteolysis. Clinically affected goats (progressors) are typically juvenile or adult animals that develop moderate to severe swelling of the bursa of the extensor carpal radialis tendon with variable involvement of the radiocarpal, middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints. The joint disease form manifests as chronic recurrent arthritis of primarily the carpi ( Crawford et al., 1980). The original characterization of CAEV includes two primary disease manifestations: joint disease (arthritic form) and neurological disease (neurological form).
Immunological control of SRLVs is associated with non-progressive status and is likely to be dependent on various factors including SRLV strain pathogenicity and tissue/cell tropisms, immunogenetics, and environmental conditions. More than 70% of animals demonstrate sub-clinical (non-progressive, NP) disease and 30% of animals have moderate to severe, chronic recurrent (progressive, P) disease. There are no known therapeutics and no commercially available vaccines.
SRLV infections are life long in sheep and goats and are characterized by periods of latency, followed by recrudescence of virus replication. The SRLV group also includes maedi-visna virus (MVV) and ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV). Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) is lentivirus within the group of small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) in the family Retroviridae.
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